• Rheumatic Fever
• Patent Ductus Arteriosus
• Ventricular Septal Defect
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Cardiac Failure

Respiratory System

• Acute Pharyngitis / Tonsillitis
• Otitis Media
• Stridor – viral croup, epiglottitis
• Acute bronchiolitis’
• Pneumonia
• Asthma

Gastrointestinal System

• Gastro-oesophageal reflux
• Acute gastroenteritis
• Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
• Worm infestation
• Constipation
• Neonatal hepatitis
• Biliary atresia / choledochal cyst

Haematological system

• Anaemias
• Thalassaemia
• Leukaemia
• Immune thrombocytopenic purpura
• G6PD deficiency
• Coagulation disorders – haemophilia

Central nervous system

• convulsive disorders
• Meningitis
• Cerebral palsy
• Mental retardation
• Hydrocephalus
• Spina bifida

Renal System

• Acute glomerulonephritis
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Urinary tract infection & Vesicoureteric reflux

Infectious diseases

• Viral exanthems – measles, rubella, varicella
• Pertussis
• Diphtheria
• Tetanus
• Tuberculosis
• Viral hepatitis
• Malaria
• Dengue
• Typhoid
• Immunodeficiency states

Neonatology

• Prematurity
• Intrauterine growth retardation
• Idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome
• Neonatal jaundice
• Neonatal hypoglycaemia
• Neonatal infections

Social paediatrics

• Immunisation
• Development
• Breastfeeding and Nutrition
• Child abuse

Miscellaneous

• Failure to thrive
• Hypothyroidism
• Poisoning
• Down’s syndrome

• know the common causes of acute diarrhoea in childhood
• be able to describe the pathophysiological changes associated with acute diarrhoeal disease
• be able to list the constituents of oral rehydration salts (ORS) and explain their relevance to correction of these pathophysiological changes
• be able to list the constituents of common i.v. infusions used in the management of acute diarrhoeal disease
• be able to assess degree of dehydration and calculate the type and volume of fluids required to manage a child with dehydration

Resources:

1. Tom Lissauer, Graham Clayden. Illustrated textbook of paediatrics. 3rd Ed. Edinburgh. Mosby Elsevier. 2007. p. 214-8.
2. Simon Attard-Montalto, Vaskar Sahar. Paediatrics. Edinburgh. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. 2006. p. 108-111.
3. Elizabeth J Elliott and Jacqueline R Dalby-Payne. Acute infectious diarrhoea and dehydration in children. MJA 2004; 181: 565–570. Available from: URL: http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/181_10_151104/ell10338_fm.pdf
4. http://www.acadmed.org.my/cpg/AMMCOPdiarrhoeaCPG.pdf

• Discuss the pathophysiology and underlying mechanisms of asthma.
• Identify factors (triggers) that contribute to asthma severity.
• Differentiate between intermittent and persistent asthma and the relationship to determining therapy based on the current guidelines (Malaysian Paediatric Association, Global Initiative for Asthma, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network).
• Describe classification of severity of acute asthma exacerbations and treatment based on the current guidelines.
• Discuss different types of inhalational devices and their proper use, especially in children less than 8 years of age.
• Describe the use of peak flow meters in asthma symptom monitoring in the development of an asthma action plan
• Identify commonly prescribed asthma medications including bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents, their role in optimal control of asthma and potential side effect
• Discuss the importance of establishing a patient/clinician partnership for asthma management and patient education.

Learning Resources:

1. Tom Lissauer, Graham Clayden. Illustrated textbook of paediatrics. 3rd Ed. Edinburgh. Mosby Elsevier. 2007. p. 270-8
2. Pocket Guide for Asthma Management and Prevention in Children (http://www.ginasthma.com/Guidelineitem.asp??l1=2&l2=1&intId=49)
3. Paediatric Protocols for Malaysian Hospitals (http://www.mpaeds.org.my/PaediatricProtocols/index.html)
4. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/index.htm)
5. British Guideline on the Control of Asthma (http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/published/index.html#Respiratory)

Be able to identify each of the following inhalational devices and their appropriateness in different paediatric age groups.

Be able to demonstrate the proper use of each of these devices to children with asthma and their parents.